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Raw VS. Part Heat Treatments - What is the Difference?
The fuzzy definitions of “raw material” and “parts” in specifications create variable and debatable heat treating quality standards.
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Nature Nano: Ultrahigh-power micrometre-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon
Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store
energy in two closely spaced layers with opposing charges,
and are used to power hybrid electric vehicles, portable electronic
equipment and other devices1. By...
Explosive Nature of Hydrogen in Partial-Pressure Vacuum
Trevor Jones, Solar Atmospheres; Heat Treating Progress, January 2009
Despite the widespread commercial use of hydrogen, not all of the flammability limits of the gas are known. Experiments were performed to determine...
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Heat Transfer and Insulation in Vacuum Furnaces
Harry W. Antes, Consultant, Solar Atmospheres; Heat Treating Progress, November 2006
Heat transfer calculations are important in furnace design. Computers can make the work easy, but knowing how to do the calculations...
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High-Pressure Gas Cooling: the Case for Hydrogen
Hydrogen’s cooling power makes it an attractive higher performance alternative to nitrogen as a quenching gas, particularly in light of escalating price of helium. However, safety issues must be resolved before heat treaters will...
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High Gas Velocity: A New Frontier of Cooling Performance in Vacuum Furnaces
Robert Hill Jr., Solar Atmospheres of Western PA; Industrial Heating, March 2004
Because there are diminishing returns in cooling capacity by simply increasing quench-gas pressure, increasing gas velocity might be the answer to...
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Adding High Velocity to High Pressure Gas Quenching
Robert Hill, Jr. Solar Atmospheres of Western PA; Gear Technology, March 2005
When gas quenching, the minimizing of heat treat distortion is gears may be a matter of high pressure and high velocity. That’s what...
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Vacuum Pressure Quenching of Oil-Hardenable Materials
Bob Hill, Jr., Solar Atmospheres - High pressure gas quenching has been identified as an important advancement in heat treating technology. While an abundance of docume
High Pressure Gas Quenching Typical Oil Hardening Grades of Steel
Robert Hill Jr., Phillip DeHennis, Solar Atmospheres - High pressure gas quenching has been identified as one of the most important advancements in recent developments of heat treating technology. Over the decades, an extensive amount of...
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Partial Pressure Vacuum Processing – Part II: Applications
Roger A. Jones, Solar Atmospheres; Industrial Heating, September 1997
This article is based on a presentation at the Furnaces North America ’96 Conference, held in Dearborn, MI, September 24-26, 1996 and sponsored by...
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Partial Pressure Vacuum Processing – Part I
William R. Jones, Solar Atmospheres; Industrial Heating, September 1997
This article is based on a presentation at the Furnaces North America ’96 Conference, sponsored by Industrial Heating. In the first part of this...
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Vacuum Heat Treating for M2 High Speed and D2 Tool Steels
William R. Jones, Solar Atmospheres,; Proceeding of ASM Heat Treating Conference, Cincinnati Ohio, March 1996 - A series of large cross section D2 and M2 tool steels have been obtained and cross cut prior to heat treatment. Similar heat...
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Vacuum-Another Atmosphere?
William R. Jones, Vacuum Furnace Systems Corp; Heat Treating, October 1986
The third installment of our series on the practical aspects of vacuum heat treating explores the oxidizing and reducing aspects of vacuum and how the heat...
Operating Experience with a New Reactive Ion Plating Unit for TiN Coating
During 1986, a physical vapor deposition titanium nitride reactive ion plating unit, the first of its kind shipped to the U.S., was put in to operation. It was designed for electron beam evaporation of titanium, utilizing triode plasma...
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High-Velocity Gas Flow Seen as Key to Rapid Quench
William R. Jones, Vacuum Furnace Systems Corp; Heat treating September 1985
Both theoretical calculations and experience indicate that high-velocity gas flow resulting in gas turbulence within the furnace hot zone is the principal...
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Why Vacuum?
William R. Jones, Vacuum Furnace Systems Corp.; Heat Treating, July 1985
With this article-which outlines the benefits of vacuum processing-we begin a series dedicated to explaining key aspects of vacuum technology such as...